The Vietnamese word "phu nhân" translates to "mistress" in English, but it is often used in a more formal and respectful way. It typically refers to a woman who is married, especially in the context of being the wife of a man with a higher social status or authority.
In a more advanced context, "phu nhân" can also be used to refer to a woman who holds a significant role in society or has a certain level of respect, regardless of her marital status. It can imply dignity and honor.
While "phu nhân" mainly refers to a wife, in very specific contexts, it can also denote a woman who is in a leadership position or has authority, though this usage is less common.
"Phu nhân" is a respectful way to refer to a wife, often used in formal contexts, and carries a connotation of status and dignity.